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冬至阳生春又来******

  【节气里的韵味中国】

  作者:张汀 单位:文化和旅游部恭王府博物馆

  “天时人事日相催,冬至阳生春又来。”冬至已至,农历壬寅年也行将结束。在冬至这一天,白天在全年间达到最短,黑夜达到最长。南朝崔灵恩《三礼义宗》载:“(冬至)有三义:一者阴极之至,二者阳气始至,三者日行南至,故谓之冬至也。”自冬至起,白昼逐日增长,太阳往返运动进入新的循环,因此古人认为天地阳气自此时起开始兴作渐强。冬至象征着新生,预示着否极泰来,万象更新,故从古至今都被视为吉日。

冬至阳生春又来

12月17日,在云南省曲靖市沾益区,雪落在植物上。新华社发

  那么人们都是怎么庆贺“大如年”的冬至的呢?《汉书》中记载:“冬至阳气起,君道长,故贺。”《后汉书·礼仪》有云:“冬至前后,君子安身静体,百官绝事。”不仅要放假,还要修养身心,相互庆贺。仪式方面,要挑选“八能之士八人”,鼓瑟吹笙,奏“黄钟之律”。《晋书》中也有“魏晋冬至日受万国及百僚称贺……其仪亚于正旦”等记载。可见在一千多年前,冬至在皇家就已经颇受推崇,选择在太阳回返的日子里行祭祀天地的大礼。

冬至阳生春又来

12月11日,云南省香格里拉市建塘镇植物结霜。新华社发

  到了唐宋年间,冬至的地位与元旦近乎平起平坐。关于民间百姓的庆祝方式,在南宋孟元老的《东京梦华录》中写明:“十一月冬至,京师最重此节,虽至贫者,一年之间,积累假借,至此日更易新衣,备办饮食,享祀先祖……一如年节。”宋末元初的《武林旧事》这样记载冬至:“朝廷大朝会庆贺排当,并如元正仪,而都人最重一阳贺冬,车马皆华整鲜好,五鼓已填拥杂沓于九街。妇人小儿,服饰华炫,往来如云。岳祠城隍诸庙,炷香者尤盛。三日之内,店肆皆罢市,垂帘饮博,谓之‘做节’。”可见,在皇家的影响下,冬至在民间百姓心目中的地位也颇高。人们一年间努力工作,开源节流,只为在冬至假期时和家人穿上新衣、打扮妥帖,参与异彩纷呈的节日活动,过个开心体面的节日。

  到了明清时,冬至的地位更上一层。皇帝要亲自祭天,百官要进表朝贺。《帝京景物略》中记录了人们欢度冬至时的盛况:“百官贺冬毕,吉服三日,具红笺互拜,朱衣交于衡,一如元旦。”冬至在我国古代节日中的地位可见一斑。无论君民,无论一年间经历多少辛苦,都要在这一天进行“贺冬”,普天同庆,好不热闹。

冬至阳生春又来

  12月17日,在福建省武夷山市,人们在吃汤圆时放上一勺桂花金橘蜜,寓意新的一年生活甜蜜,富贵吉祥,团团圆圆。新华社发

  到了20世纪初,民国政府开始学习西方,推行公历,在传统春节的基础上增设元旦节(公历1月1日),为保证其顺利推行,官方通过放假庆祝等活动表示对元旦的重视。农历正月初一为春节,也沿袭了从古至今冬至的大部分传统节俗。于是近代以来,冬至在很长时间内被春节替代,地位大不如前。但关于冬至的点点滴滴,依然存在于许多人的记忆之中,也被许多文人墨客记录在他们的作品中,引起了更多人的共鸣。它是包天笑笔下“儿童辈”都“竞饮”的苏州“冬酿酒”;是汪曾祺笔下,家乡高邮的“炒米糖”“欢喜团”;是肖复兴笔下老北京沿街吆喝“萝卜赛梨”的“萝卜挑”;是林清玄描绘的吃完汤圆,全家围炉喝茶的温馨景象;是二月河叙述的一家老小,炒菜烫酒,祭祖宗,拜喜神,大快朵颐。

冬至阳生春又来

12月10日,在山东省枣庄市,人们把热气腾腾的饺子端上餐桌。新华社发

  时至今日,我们依然会像前人一样,根据物候变化在生产生活上做出一些调整。姑苏人家依然酿米酒,北方居民依然包饺子,西南地区的羊肉汤香气四溢,汤圆依然象征中国人最希冀的团圆;还有九九消寒图、年画等给冬至增加亮色,人们祀家庙、设家宴、拜尊长,找回冬至往日的神圣与温暖,并在此基础上融入当代生活方式,为这个古老节俗增添了活力。

  春生冬至时。在这一年中黑夜最为漫长、春天悄然生发的时节,不如吃碗热汤圆。正如汪曾祺转述母亲的话:“吃完这碗汤圆,就又长大了一岁。”

  《光明日报》( 2022年12月22日 09版)

中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

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