丰田换帅凸显“大象”转身之困******
时隔逾13年，全球最大车企掌门人变更。1月26日，日本丰田汽车公司召开董事会，宣布丰田章男将卸任丰田汽车社长，转任丰田汽车公司会长，社长职位由丰田汽车公司旗下豪华品牌雷克萨斯负责人佐藤恒治接任。该项任命将于今年4月1日正式生效。
日本企业的“会长”职位要高于社长，但舆论普遍认为，社长才是企业经营的真正决策者。这意味着，丰田章男将退居“二线”，同时这家全球汽车巨头也将重新开启由丰田家族和外姓人士轮流担任社长的新时代。
作为丰田汽车创始人丰田喜一郎之孙，丰田章男于2009年6月临危受命。上任之初，适逢国际金融危机导致公司财务严重赤字，尔后又经历了全球大规模产品召回、日本大地震、芯片短缺、新冠肺炎疫情等多重考验。对此，丰田章男不断推进内部重组改革，并全力打造TNGA(丰田新全球架构)，提升产品力。目前包含大发和日野在内的集团年销量突破千万辆，超过大众汽车集团，已连续3年成为全球最大汽车制造商。
在带领丰田全球销量夺冠的同时，丰田章男误判了全球汽车产业变革趋势。基于对混动技术和燃料电池技术优势与自信，丰田意图跨越纯电阶段，从混动直接跃升至氢燃料。与丰田不同的是，中国在新能源汽车技术转型战略中，选择了以纯电动作为新能源汽车产业化的突破口，改变了全球汽车产业格局。
得益于良好的顶层设计、不断完善的支持政策体系和企业的集体拼搏奋进，以及超大规模市场优势，中国新能源汽车产销规模不仅连续8年稳居全球第一，而且成为引领欧美汽车企业加快向电动化转型的重要力量。
问题在于，面对全球汽车产业电动化浪潮，丰田章男并不认同电动汽车的发展路线，也曾多次在公开场合“炮轰电动车”，并表示“电动车既不环保也不省钱”“电动车越多，二氧化碳越严重”。
掌门人的态度必然会影响丰田在电动化上推进的决心与速度。面对电动化浪潮澎湃，虽然丰田在3年前也曾推出电动化战略以及e-TNGA平台，丰田章男更是一口气携15款全新电动车亮相发布会，但时至今日丰田的纯电车型在市场上并没找到存在感。公开数据显示，去年特斯拉全球电动汽车销量超过130万辆，比亚迪纯电动汽车销量超过90万辆；丰田的纯电动汽车销量则不及前两者零头，而其试图重新定义纯电动产品的bZ4X，被网友讥讽为“验证码”车型，在市场上根本没有存在感。
“我是老一代，也感受到了作为‘造车人’的局限性，我认为有必要在新的时代隐退。我相信，在过去的13年里，我已经为传递接力棒打下了坚实的基础，新的管理团队肩负着将丰田转变为移动出行公司的使命。”很难想象，在线上发布会上如此讲话，是丰田章男对自己的真实评价。不过，这也从另一个维度凸显了当下“大象”转身之困。
“大象”转身之困，既在于企业对过去思维定势和旧有路径的依赖，也在于庞大组织结构和复杂低效流程的拖累。其实，面临赛道切换时，“既要又要”两个目标同时存在，常常使得越是成功的车企，越会显得左右为难。此前，大众汽车集团首席执行官赫伯特·迪斯也刚刚卸任。与丰田章男在电动化上的“保守”相比，迪斯虽然更加激进，但也在集团内部饱受争议。而软件开发项目进度严重滞后和预算超支，最终成为其不得不下课的导火索。
船大难调头。面对全球汽车产业百年未有之大变局，当前传统车企都在摸索中前行，而企业掌舵者的眼光、态度和决策无疑将深刻影响企业未来。换帅后的丰田和大众，能否在汽车变革新时代突破转型之困，守住领头羊位置，显然还需要时间来检验。 (杨忠阳 来源：经济日报）
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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